There are some materials for presentation PPT.

幽闭恐惧症

社交恐惧症

密集恐惧症（Trypophobia）资料

广场恐惧症

恐高症（acrophobia）

综述类型？

重点讲某一种类型？

单词

anxiety
英 [æŋˈzaɪəti] 美 [æŋˈzaɪəti]
n.
焦虑;忧虑;担心;害怕;渴望

phobia
英 [ˈfəʊbiə] 美 [ˈfoʊbiə]
n.
恐怖症，恐惧症(无名的极度恐惧);(构成名词)对…的恐惧症

phobias
英 [ˈfəʊbɪəz] 美 [ˈfoʊbiəz]
n.
恐怖症，恐惧症(无名的极度恐惧);(构成名词)对…的恐惧症
phobia的复数

symptoms
英 [ˈsɪmptəmz] 美 [ˈsɪmptəmz]
n.
症状;征候;征兆
symptom的复数

irrational
英 [ɪˈræʃənl] 美 [ɪˈræʃənl]
adj.
不合逻辑的;没有道理的
n.
无理数;无理性的生物

sufferer
英 [ˈsʌfərə(r)] 美 [ˈsʌfərər]
n.
患病者;受苦者;受难者

8.7%读作eight point seven percent

exposure
英 [ɪkˈspəʊʒə(r)] 美 [ɪkˈspoʊʒər]
n.
面临，遭受(危险或不快);揭露;(在电视、报纸等上的)亮相，被报道

Dizziness
英 [ˈdɪzinəs] 美 [ˈdɪzinəs]
晕厥;头晕;眩晕;头昏;頭暈

Trembling
英 [ˈtremblɪŋ] 美 [ˈtremblɪŋ]
颤抖;发抖;颤抖的;哆嗦;战栗

nausea
英 [ˈnɔːziə] 美 [ˈnɔːziə]
n.
恶心;作呕;反胃

escalate
英 [ˈeskəleɪt] 美 [ˈeskəleɪt]
v.
(使)逐步扩大，不断恶化，加剧

isolate
英 [ˈaɪsəleɪt] 美 [ˈaɪsəleɪt]
v.
(使)隔离，孤立，脱离;将…剔出(以便看清和单独处理);使(某物质、细胞等)分离;使离析

hypochondriasis

疑病症，

illnesses
英 [ˈɪlnɪsɪz] 美 [ˈɪlnəsɪz]
n.
(身体或精神上的)疾病，病;(某种)病;患病期
illness的复数

imminent
英 [ˈɪmɪnənt] 美 [ˈɪmɪnənt]
adj.
即将发生的;临近的
派生词： imminence n. imminently adv.

Psychiatric
英 [ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk] 美 [ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk]
精神医学;精神病科;精神病学;精神性;精神科

categorizes
英 [ˈkætəɡəraɪzɪz] 美 [ˈkætəɡəraɪzɪz]
v.
将…分类;把…加以归类
categorize的第三人称单数

Agoraphobia
英 [ˌæɡərəˈfəʊbiə] 美 [ˌæɡərəˈfoʊbiə]
广场恐怖症;广场恐惧症;场所恐惧症;惧旷症;广场恐怖

inescapable
英 [ˌɪnɪˈskeɪpəbl] 美 [ˌɪnɪˈskeɪpəbl]
adj.
不可避免的;逃避不了的;不能忽视的
派生词： inescapably adv.

phobic
英 [ˈfəʊbɪk] 美 [ˈfoʊbɪk]
n.
恐惧症患者;极端仇视者;恐惧…的;仇恨…的
adj.
病态性恐惧的

pervasive
英 [pəˈveɪsɪv] 美 [pərˈveɪsɪv]
adj.
遍布的;充斥各处的;弥漫的
派生词： pervasively adv. pervasiveness n.

overwhelming
英 [ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ] 美 [ˌoʊvərˈwelmɪŋ]
adj.
巨大的;压倒性的;无法抗拒的
v.
(感情或感觉)充溢，难以禁受;压倒;击败;征服;压垮;使应接不暇
overwhelm的现在分词

rodents
英 [ˈrəʊdənts] 美 [ˈroʊdənts]
n.
啮齿动物
rodent的复数

tornadoes
英 [tɔːˈneɪdəʊz] 美 [tɔrˈneɪdoʊz]
n.
龙卷风;旋风
tornado的复数

mudslides
英 [ˈmʌdslaɪdz] 美 [ˈmʌdslaɪdz]
n.
泥流
mudslide的复数

Arachnophobia
英 [əˌræknəˈfəʊbiə] 美 [əˌræknəˈfoʊbiə]
小魔煞;蜘蛛恐惧症;小魔星;蜘蛛克星;蜘蛛恐怖症

Claustrophobia
英 [ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə] 美 [ˌklɔːstrəˈfoʊbiə]
幽闭恐惧症;幽闭恐怖症;亲密;幽闭恐惧;幽閉恐懼症

instances
英 [ˈɪnstənsɪz] 美 [ˈɪnstənsɪz]
n.
例子;事例;实例
v.
举…为例
instance的第三人称单数和复数

strategically
英 [strəˈtiːdʒɪkəli] 美 [strəˈtidʒɪkli]
adv.
战略上

relaxation
英 [ˌriːlækˈseɪʃn] 美 [ˌriːlækˈseɪʃn]
n.
放松;休息;消遣;用于放松消遣的时间;休闲活动;娱乐活动;(对规章制度的)放宽

techniques
英 [tɛkˈniːks] 美 [tɛkˈniks]
n.
技巧;技艺;工艺;技术;技能
technique的复数

incompatible
英 [ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl] 美 [ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl]
adj.
(与某事物)不一致，不相配;(与某人)合不来，不能和睦相处;(与某物)不匹配;配伍禁忌的;不兼容;互斥的
派生词： incompatibility n.

diminishes
英 [dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪz] 美 [dɪˈmɪnɪʃɪz]
v.
减少;(使)减弱，缩减;降低;贬低;贬损;轻视
diminish的第三人称单数

adolescents
英 [ˌædəʊˈlɛsnts] 美 [ˌædəˈlɛsənts]
n.
青少年
adolescent的复数

potentially
英 [pə’tenʃəli] 美 [pə’tenʃəli]
adv.
潜在地

antidepressant
英 [ˌæntidɪˈpresnt] 美 [ˌæntidɪˈpresnt]
n.
抗抑郁药
adj.
抗抑郁的
派生词： antidepressant adj.

cognitive
英 [ˈkɒɡnətɪv] 美 [ˈkɑːɡnətɪv]
adj.
认知的;感知的;认识的

therapy
英 [ˈθerəpi] 美 [ˈθerəpi]
n.
治疗;疗法

licensed
英 [ˈlaɪsnst] 美 [ˈlaɪsnst]
adj.
有售酒许可的;获准售酒的;获准拥有的;得到正式许可的
v.
批准;许可
license的过去分词和过去式

therapist
英 [ˈθerəpɪst] 美 [ˈθerəpɪst]
n.
(某治疗法的)治疗专家

psychiatrist
英 [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst] 美 [saɪˈkaɪətrɪst]
n.
精神病学家;精神科医生

psychology
英 [saɪˈkɒlədʒi] 美 [saɪˈkɑːlədʒi]
n.
心理学;心理;心理特征;心理影响

psychological
英 [ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkl] 美 [ˌsaɪkəˈlɑːdʒɪkl]
adj.
心灵的;心理的;精神上的;心理学的;关于心理学的

psychologist
英 [saɪˈkɒlədʒɪst] 美 [saɪˈkɑːlədʒɪst]
n.
心理学家;心理学研究者

intense
英 [ɪnˈtens] 美 [ɪnˈtens]
adj.
很大的;十分强烈的;严肃紧张的;激烈的;有强烈感情(或意见、想法)的;尖锐的;热切的

manifests
英 [ˈmænɪfests] 美 [ˈmænɪfests]
v.
表明，清楚显示(尤指情感、态度或品质);显现;使人注意到
manifest的第三人称单数

Agoraphobia
英 [ˌæɡərəˈfəʊbiə] 美 [ˌæɡərəˈfoʊbiə]
广场恐怖症;广场恐惧症;场所恐惧症;惧旷症;广场恐怖

incorporates
英 [ɪnˈkɔːpəreɪts] 美 [ɪnˈkɔːrpəreɪts]
v.
将…包括在内;包含;吸收;使并入;注册成立
incorporate的第三人称单数

triggers
英 [ˈtrɪɡəz] 美 [ˈtrɪɡərz]
n.
(枪的)扳机;(尤指引发不良反应或发展的)起因，诱因;触发器;引爆器
v.
发动;引起;触发;开动;起动
trigger的第三人称单数和复数

composite
英 [ˈkɒmpəzɪt] 美 [kəmˈpɑːzət]
adj.
合成的;混成的;复合的
n.
合成物;混合物;复合材料

stimuli
英 [ˈstɪmjʊlaɪ] 美 [ˈstɪmjəˌlaɪ]
n.
促进因素;激励因素;刺激物;(使生物产生反应的)刺激
stimulus的复数

ultimately
英 [ˈʌltɪmətli] 美 [ˈʌltɪmətli]
adv.
最终;最后;终归;最基本地;根本上

Hydrophobia
英 [ˌhaɪdrəˈfəʊbiə] 美 [ˌhaɪdrəˈfoʊbiə]
恐水症;恐水病;狂犬病;又称恐水病;泼水

traumatic
英 [trɔːˈmætɪk] 美 [traʊˈmætɪk]
adj.
痛苦的;极不愉快的;创伤的;外伤的;损伤的
派生词： traumatically adv.

symptoms
英 [ˈsɪmptəmz] 美 [ˈsɪmptəmz]
n.
症状;征候;征兆
symptom的复数

diagnosed
英 [ˈdaɪəɡnəʊzd] 美 [ˌdaɪəɡˈnoʊst]
v.
诊断(疾病);判断(问题的原因)
diagnose的过去分词和过去式

PPT

What a phobia is?
~~The classification of phobia.~~
~~The causes of phobias?~~
Phobia Symptoms.
Types of Phobias.
Phobia Treatments.

What a phobia is?

A phobia is an intense fear of a particular situation or object that is generally unreasonable in nature and which often has a direct impact on a person’s life. As a psychological consideration,the impact this fear has on the life of a person is typically a major factor in determining if a particular fear is mild and common or severe enough to constitute a form of mental illness. A phobia is typically considered to be a specific aspect of anxiety disorder,as the reaction caused when confronted with the object or source of fear is similar to anxiety.

恐惧症是指对自然界中某一个场景或者物体有一种强烈的恐惧，这种恐惧直接影响人们的生活。从心理学来讲，这种恐惧对人们生活的影响决定了这种特别的恐惧是温和普遍的还是足够严重能够导致精神疾病。恐惧症主要被认为是焦虑症的具体影响，恐惧症面对物体或恐惧来源时产生的反应和焦虑症是相似的。

The key components of a phobia are typically the fact that it is unreasonable and that it has a direct impact on a person’s quality of life.Someone who feels fear and panic when confronted by a person holding a weapon in a threatening way is not experiencing a phobia.This response of anxiety is perfectly reasonable,since the person is encountering a situation that may result in bodily harm or death. Someone experiencing a similar level of anxiety, perhaps accompanied by quickened breathing and heartbeat and a general sense of panic, when confronted by a common spider is experiencing a phobia, as this reaction is fairly unreasonable.

恐惧症的关键部分通常是恐惧的产生是不合理的没有原因的而且恐惧还必须对人们的生活质量有直接影响。因为被人用武器威胁的方式感到恐惧和恐慌这不是在经历恐惧症。焦虑的产生必须是完全无理由的，不能是因为遭遇可能会导致身体受伤或死亡的状况所产生的恐惧。经历相同水平的焦虑可能会伴随着呼吸加快心跳、呼吸加快和恐慌，一只普通的蜘蛛所带来的焦虑是恐惧症，因为这个反应相当没有理由。

A phobia also has a direct and negative impact on a person’s life and ability to function.If someone suffers a server fear of the word “heliotrope”,this would likely not be diagnosed as a mental illness since it is unlikely that this fear would directly impact that person’s well-being.An intense fear of water, on the other hand,may be grounds for a diagnosis, as this can impact a person’s ability to bathe, go outside during a rainstorm, and even enjoy a glass of water.

恐惧症对人们的生活和个人能力也有直接和消极的影响。如果某个人对单词“heliotrope”有严重的恐惧，这很可能会被诊断为精神疾病因为这个恐惧不可能直接影响人的幸福。在另一方面，对水的强烈恐惧可能是诊断依据，因为这可以影响一个人洗澡，雨天外出，甚至还有喝水。

The classification of phobia.

There are generally three basic types of fears that are the grounds for a number of different types of fears. Social phobia is an intense fear of social situations and other people. It usually manifests in either generalized or specific forms. The generalized form is a basic fear of social situations and meeting new people, while specific forms often indicate one particular aspect of social interaction that triggers the panic response.

通常有三种基本的恐惧，其他大量不同类型的恐惧都以这三种为基础。社交恐惧症是一个对社会的状况和其他人的强烈的恐惧。它通常表现为一般形式或具体形式。一般形式是对社交场景和与陌生人见面的基本恐惧，而具体形式经常指某一个特定的触发恐慌的社会活动。

Agoraphobia is a basic type of fear that incorporates a number of different triggers that cause anxiety and panic. These different triggers create a composite fear of leaving the home or going outside.This can include certain aspects of social phobia and fear responses to other stimuli,but ultimately results in a person’s inability to leave his or her home or other place he or she feels safe.

广场恐惧症是一种基础的恐惧，它包含了大量的不同的可能导致焦虑和恐慌的因素。这些不同的因素产生了离开家或外出时的混合恐惧。这可能包括社交恐惧症的部分方面以及对其他刺激的恐惧反应，最终导致一个人无法离开家或他/她感到安全的地方。

There are also specific phobias that all refer to individual fears of different things. Hydrophobia,for example,is a fear of water, ofter tied to a traumatic experience such as nearly drowning as a child, while arachnophobia is an intense fear of spiders. There different phobias can affect people in different ways, but are generally tied to a particular stimulus that triggers the panic or fear response.

也有一些特定恐惧症，是对不同事物的个人恐惧。例如，恐水症就是对水的恐惧，这和创伤性的经历比如小时候溺过水有关，蜘蛛恐惧症是一种对蜘蛛的强烈恐惧。这些不同的恐惧通过不同的方式影响着人么，但是它们通常依赖于某些触发恐慌或恐惧反应的特定刺激。

The causes of phobias?

What is phobia?

A phobia is an irrational fear,a kind of anxiety disorder in which the sufferer has a rentless dread of a situation,living creature,place or thing.

phobias are the most common kind of anxiety disorder in the industrial nations:

Over 50 million people in the USA and 10 million in the UK are thought to live with a phobia.
Between 8.7% and 18.1% of Americans of all ages suffer from phobias.

Phobia Symptoms.

Phobic symptoms can occur through exposure to the feared object or situation, or sometimes merely through thinking about the feared object. Typical symptoms associated with phobias include:

Breathlessness
Dizziness, trembling, and increased heart rate
Fear of dying
Nausea
Preoccupation with the feared object
A sense of unreality

In some cases, these symptoms may escalate into a full-scale anxiety attack.

In response to these symptoms, some individuals may develop social anxiety disorder (SAD)—previously known as social phobia—and begin to isolate themselves, leading to severe difficulties with functioning in daily life and with maintaining relationships.

In other cases, such as with hypochondriasis, a person may seek out medical care due to a constant concern with imagined illnesses or imminent death.

Types of Phobias.

The American Psychiatric Association defines phobias as anxiety disorders and categorizes them into three different types:

Agoraphobia: This describes a fear of being trapped in an inescapable place or situation. As a result, the phobic individual may begin to avoid such situations. In some cases, this fear can become so pervasive and overwhelming that the individual even fears to leave their home.
Specific phobias: These involve the fear of a particular object (such as snakes or butterflies and moths). Such phobias typically fall into one of four different categories: situational, animals, medical, or environmental. A few examples of common fear objects include spiders, dogs, needles, natural disasters, heights, and flying.
Social phobias: A fear of social situations includes an extreme and pervasive fear of social situations. In some cases, this fear may center on a very particular type of social situation such as public speaking. In other instances, people may fear to perform any task in front of other people for fear that they will be somehow publicly embarrassed.

More examples of the four major types of specific phobias include:

Animal: Fear of snakes, rodents, cats, or birds.
Medical: Fear of seeing blood or visiting a doctor.
Natural environment: Fear of lightning, water, storms, hurricanes, tornadoes, or mudslides.
Situational: Fear of bridges, leaving home, or driving.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, social anxiety disorder affects about 7% of adult Americans in a given year and specific phobias affect approximately 9%. In general, women are affected more than men.

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, only about 10% of reported phobia cases become life-long phobias.

Phobia Treatments.

There are a number of treatment approaches for phobias, and the effectiveness of each approach depends on the person and their type of phobia.

In exposure treatments,the person is strategically exposed to their feared object in order to help them overcome their fear. One type of exposure treatment is flooding, in which the patient is confronted by the feared object for an extended length of time without the opportunity to escape. The goal of this method is to help the individual face their fear and realize that the feared object will not harm them.

Another method often used in phobia treatment is counter-conditioning. In this method, the person is taught a new response to the feared object. Rather than panic in the face of the feared object or situation, the person learns relaxation techniques to replace anxiety and fear.

This new behavior is incompatible with the previous panic response, so the phobic response gradually diminishes. Counter-conditioning is often used with people who are unable to handle exposure treatments and has been effective for treating children and adolescents.

Finally, for both adults and children with social phobia, medication like a low dose of a benzodiazepine or potentially an antidepressant (like a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, or SSRI) in combination with cognitive-behavioral therapy can prove helpful.

A Word From Verywell

If you think you may have a phobia, please seek out treatment from a licensed therapist, psychologist, or psychiatrist. You deserve to develop control of this fear, and you can with proper therapy.

Good morning ,my name is zww.Today,the topic I’m going to talk about is high anxiety:phobias.I will introduce it from the following four aspects.

p5:Ok,let’s go on.

OK，that’s all,thanks for your listening.

ppt插入视频